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Overview of Contents

I
Introduction
A
Acknowledgements
V
Version
Materials Part I
M1
Prevailing Theory
M2
Prevailing Empirical References
Materials Part II
M3
Vowels and Number of Formants
M4
Vowels and Fundamental Frequency
M5
Formant Patterns and Speaker Groups
M6
Terms of Reference, Methods of Formant Estimation
Materials Part III
M-N
Note on the Method
M7
Unsystematic Correspondence between Vowels, Patterns of Relative Spectral Energy Maxima and Formant Patterns
M7.1
Inconstant Number of Vowel-Specific Relative Spectral Energy Maxima and Incongruence of Vowel-Specific Formant Patterns
M7.2
Partial Lack of Manifestation of Vowel-Specific Relative Spectral Energy Maxima
M8
Lack of Correspondence between Vowels and Patterns of Relative Spectral Energy Maxima or Formant Patterns
M8.1
Dependence of Vowel-Specific, Relative Spectral Energy Maxima and Lower Formants ≤ 1.5 kHz on Fundamental Frequency
M8.2
Vowel Perception at Fundamental Frequencies above Statistical Values of the Respective First Formant Frequency
M8.3
“Inversions” of Relative Spectral Energy Maxima and Minima and “Inverse” Formant Patterns in Sounds of Individual Vowels
M9
Ambiguous Correspondence between Vowels and Patterns of Relative Spectral Energy Maxima or Formant Patterns or Complete Spectral Envelopes
M9.1
Ambiguous Patterns of Relative Spectral Energy Maxima and  Ambiguous Formant Patterns
M9.2
Ambiguous Spectral Envelopes
M9.3
Ambiguity and Individual Vowels
M10
Lack of Correspondence between Patterns of Relative Spectral Energy Maxima or Formant Patterns and Age- and Gender-Related Speaker Groups or Vocal-Tract Sizes
M10.1
Similar Patterns of Relative Spectral Maxima and Similar Formant Patterns ≤ 1.5 kHz for Different Age- and Gender-Related Speaker Groups or Vocal-Tract Sizes
M10.2
The Dichotomy of the Vowel Spectrum
M10.A
Addition: Vowel Imitations by Birds
Appendix
R
References